Modern temporal network theory: A colloquium

The power of any kind of network approach lies in the ability to simplify a complex system so that one can better understand its function as a whole. Sometimes it is beneficial, however, to include more information than in a simple graph of only nodes and links. Adding information about times of interactions can make predictions and mechanistic understanding more accurate. The drawback, however, is that there are not so many methods available, partly because temporal networks is a relatively young field, partly because it more difficult to develop such methods compared to for static networks. In this colloquium, we review the methods to analyze and model temporal networks and processes taking place on them, focusing mainly on the last three years. This includes the spreading of infectious disease, opinions, rumors, in social networks; information packets in computer networks; various types of signaling in biology, and more. We also discuss future directions.Comment: Final accepted versio

The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits

Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel; P < 5 x 10(-8)), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution.A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiological changes and therap

Järven juoksutuksen laskenta Vesistömallijärjestelmässä

Suomen ympäristökeskuksen Vesistömallijärjestelmällä simuloidaan Suomen vesistöjä. Vesistömalli käyttää syötteinä säähavaintoja ja -ennusteita ja laskee veden kulkeutumisen vesistössä. Mallissa säännöstellyn järven juoksutuksen määrää säännöstelyohjeisto, joka on historian perusteella laadittu taulukko, josta juoksutus luetaan päivämäärän ja vedenkorkeuden mukaisesti. Säännöstelyohjeisto ei ota huomioon sää- ja tulovirtaamaennustetta ja järven valuma-alueen tilaa, minkä vuoksi juoksutukset ovat usein epärealistisia. Tässä diplomityössä on kehitetty menetelmä, jolla voidaan laskea säännöstellyn järven juoksutus siten, että se perustuu sää- ja tulovirtaamaennusteeseen sekä valuma-alueen tilaan. Järven juoksutuslaskentaa varten määritellään päivämäärien mukaiset tavoitealueet vedenkorkeudelle ja juoksutukselle. Juoksutuslaskenta ratkaisee monitavoitteisen, deterministisen, epälineaarisen ja dynaamisen optimointimallin siten, että vedenkorkeus ja juoksutus pysyvät mahdollisuuksien mukaan tavoitealueilla. Optimointimallin sileä kustannusfunktio minimoidaan gradienttiin perustuvalla BFGS-algoritmilla. Poikkeavissa tilanteissa säännöstelyohjeistoa pitää muokata, jotta juoksutus olisi realistista. Juoksutuslaskennan juoksutus on aina tilanteeseen sopivaa, joten muokkaamista ei tarvita. Tämä säästää työaikaa ja parantaa vesistöennusteita. Järven vedenkorkeus ja juoksutus pysyvät säännöstelyrajojen puitteissa paremmin kuin nykyisellä säännöstelyohjeistolla simuloitaessa, ja juoksutus on tasaisempaa. Tässä diplomityössä on saavutettu sille asetetut ensisijaiset tavoitteet

Peso vivo final, ganho de peso, características de carcaça e concentrações plasmáticas de IGF-I e hormônios tireoideanos de bezerros mestiços Angus-Nelore recebendo somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) até a desmama Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on production, carcass traits, and plasmatic concentrations of IGF-I and thyroid hormones on pre-weaning crossbred Angus-Nellore calves

Objetivando estudar o efeito da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e as concentrações plasmáticas de IGF-I e hormônios tireoideanos, 36 bezerros mestiços &frac12; Angus-Nelore com idade de 63 &plusmn; 17 dias e pesando 76,8 &plusmn; 14,7 kg, criados em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens e suplementados em creep feeding, foram submetidos a dois tratamentos até a desmama (217 dias): I) 18 bezerros receberam 1,4 mg/kg de rbST (Boostin®) a cada 14 dias; II) 18 bezerros controle receberam solução salina. As pesagens e colheitas de sangue foram realizadas a cada 28 dias e, à desmama, foram abatidos cinco animais de cada tratamento, para avaliação das características de carcaça. Os animais tratados apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio diário e peso vivo final, maiores concentrações plasmáticas de IGF-I e T4 que os bezerros controle. Os parâmetros peso de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça, pesos de traseiro e dianteiro, gordura peri-renal, peso de fígado, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, pesos dos músculos do quarto do traseiro e concentração plasmática de T3 não diferiram entre os tratamentos. A utilização de rbST proporcionou aumento de 7,9% no ganho de peso vivo e alterou o perfil hormonal de bezerros suplementados em creep feeding durante a fase de cria, não refletindo, entretanto, em maior peso ou rendimento de carcaça.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on production, carcass traits, and plasmatic concentrations of IGF-I and thyroid hormones on crossbred Angus-Nellore male calves. Thirty-six calves averaging 63 &plusmn; 17 days old and 76.8 &plusmn; 14.7 kg of body weight (BW) grazing Brachiaria decumbens and creep fed were randomly assigned (18 calves per treatment) to one of two treatments until weaning (217 days) as follows: I) 1.4 mg of rbST (Boostin®)/kg of BW every 14 days or II) similar dosage of saline solution. Every 28 days calves were weighed and blood samples collected; at weaning, five animals from each treatment were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. The rbST-treated calves had greater average daily weight gain, final weight, and plasmatic concentrations of both IGF-I and T4 than those receiving saline solution. Weights of hot carcass, forequarter, hindquarter, hindquarter muscles, and liver as well as dressing percentage, kidney and pelvic fat, rib eye area, backfat thickness, and plasmatic concentrations of T3 were all not affected by rbST. Use of rbST increased body weight gain (7.9%) and changed the hormonal status of pre-weaning creep-fed calves compared to the use of saline solution but did not improve carcass weight or dressing percentage